Find x angle in triangleSine Law or No?In $triangle ABC$ with $AB=AC$ and $angle BAC=20^circ$, $D$ is on...

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Find x angle in triangle

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Find x angle in triangle


Sine Law or No?In $triangle ABC$ with $AB=AC$ and $angle BAC=20^circ$, $D$ is on $AC$, with $BC=AD$. Find $angle DBC$. Where's my error?How do I find the base angles without a vertex angle in a isosceles triangle?Prove triangle made from two altitudes and midpoint is isoscelesHas triangle an angle?Geometry: Find angle x in triangleAlternative proof for the equality of two angles in an isosceles triangle.formula for calculating any angle of an isosceles triangleFind unknown angles of a triangle!!!Find the value of an angleEquation of A line in an Isosceles TriangleKiselev's geometry Problem 67: In an isosceles triangle, two medians/bisectors/altitudes are congruent













2












$begingroup$


I need to find angle x in this isosceles triangle(20-80-80), by using pure geometry, if i can say so. If my calculations are correct (i tried another approach) answer should be 30, but there should be 'easy' way to find this.
Also i found many Langley’s Adventitious Angles exercises which are very similar to mine but yet different.



enter image description here










share|cite|improve this question









New contributor




Andriy Khrystyanovich is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    thats trigonometry solution. not what im looking for
    $endgroup$
    – Andriy Khrystyanovich
    1 hour ago












  • $begingroup$
    @Blue The solution in the linked topic by trigonometry only, because the topic starter looked for trigonometric solution only. I think we need to open this topic.
    $endgroup$
    – Michael Rozenberg
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    Note: A trigonometric solution is offered in this question.
    $endgroup$
    – Blue
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    math.stackexchange.com/a/3126628/480425. Here I propose a couple of nice solutions using simple Euclidean geometry.
    $endgroup$
    – Matteo
    1 hour ago












  • $begingroup$
    Possible duplicate of In $triangle ABC$ with $AB=AC$ and $angle BAC=20^circ$, $D$ is on $AC$, with $BC=AD$. Find $angle DBC$. Where's my error?
    $endgroup$
    – Aretino
    1 hour ago
















2












$begingroup$


I need to find angle x in this isosceles triangle(20-80-80), by using pure geometry, if i can say so. If my calculations are correct (i tried another approach) answer should be 30, but there should be 'easy' way to find this.
Also i found many Langley’s Adventitious Angles exercises which are very similar to mine but yet different.



enter image description here










share|cite|improve this question









New contributor




Andriy Khrystyanovich is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    thats trigonometry solution. not what im looking for
    $endgroup$
    – Andriy Khrystyanovich
    1 hour ago












  • $begingroup$
    @Blue The solution in the linked topic by trigonometry only, because the topic starter looked for trigonometric solution only. I think we need to open this topic.
    $endgroup$
    – Michael Rozenberg
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    Note: A trigonometric solution is offered in this question.
    $endgroup$
    – Blue
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    math.stackexchange.com/a/3126628/480425. Here I propose a couple of nice solutions using simple Euclidean geometry.
    $endgroup$
    – Matteo
    1 hour ago












  • $begingroup$
    Possible duplicate of In $triangle ABC$ with $AB=AC$ and $angle BAC=20^circ$, $D$ is on $AC$, with $BC=AD$. Find $angle DBC$. Where's my error?
    $endgroup$
    – Aretino
    1 hour ago














2












2








2





$begingroup$


I need to find angle x in this isosceles triangle(20-80-80), by using pure geometry, if i can say so. If my calculations are correct (i tried another approach) answer should be 30, but there should be 'easy' way to find this.
Also i found many Langley’s Adventitious Angles exercises which are very similar to mine but yet different.



enter image description here










share|cite|improve this question









New contributor




Andriy Khrystyanovich is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







$endgroup$




I need to find angle x in this isosceles triangle(20-80-80), by using pure geometry, if i can say so. If my calculations are correct (i tried another approach) answer should be 30, but there should be 'easy' way to find this.
Also i found many Langley’s Adventitious Angles exercises which are very similar to mine but yet different.



enter image description here







geometry euclidean-geometry triangle






share|cite|improve this question









New contributor




Andriy Khrystyanovich is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











share|cite|improve this question









New contributor




Andriy Khrystyanovich is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited 1 hour ago









Michael Rozenberg

106k1893198




106k1893198






New contributor




Andriy Khrystyanovich is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









asked 2 hours ago









Andriy KhrystyanovichAndriy Khrystyanovich

1134




1134




New contributor




Andriy Khrystyanovich is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.





New contributor





Andriy Khrystyanovich is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.






Andriy Khrystyanovich is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    thats trigonometry solution. not what im looking for
    $endgroup$
    – Andriy Khrystyanovich
    1 hour ago












  • $begingroup$
    @Blue The solution in the linked topic by trigonometry only, because the topic starter looked for trigonometric solution only. I think we need to open this topic.
    $endgroup$
    – Michael Rozenberg
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    Note: A trigonometric solution is offered in this question.
    $endgroup$
    – Blue
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    math.stackexchange.com/a/3126628/480425. Here I propose a couple of nice solutions using simple Euclidean geometry.
    $endgroup$
    – Matteo
    1 hour ago












  • $begingroup$
    Possible duplicate of In $triangle ABC$ with $AB=AC$ and $angle BAC=20^circ$, $D$ is on $AC$, with $BC=AD$. Find $angle DBC$. Where's my error?
    $endgroup$
    – Aretino
    1 hour ago














  • 1




    $begingroup$
    thats trigonometry solution. not what im looking for
    $endgroup$
    – Andriy Khrystyanovich
    1 hour ago












  • $begingroup$
    @Blue The solution in the linked topic by trigonometry only, because the topic starter looked for trigonometric solution only. I think we need to open this topic.
    $endgroup$
    – Michael Rozenberg
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    Note: A trigonometric solution is offered in this question.
    $endgroup$
    – Blue
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    math.stackexchange.com/a/3126628/480425. Here I propose a couple of nice solutions using simple Euclidean geometry.
    $endgroup$
    – Matteo
    1 hour ago












  • $begingroup$
    Possible duplicate of In $triangle ABC$ with $AB=AC$ and $angle BAC=20^circ$, $D$ is on $AC$, with $BC=AD$. Find $angle DBC$. Where's my error?
    $endgroup$
    – Aretino
    1 hour ago








1




1




$begingroup$
thats trigonometry solution. not what im looking for
$endgroup$
– Andriy Khrystyanovich
1 hour ago






$begingroup$
thats trigonometry solution. not what im looking for
$endgroup$
– Andriy Khrystyanovich
1 hour ago














$begingroup$
@Blue The solution in the linked topic by trigonometry only, because the topic starter looked for trigonometric solution only. I think we need to open this topic.
$endgroup$
– Michael Rozenberg
1 hour ago




$begingroup$
@Blue The solution in the linked topic by trigonometry only, because the topic starter looked for trigonometric solution only. I think we need to open this topic.
$endgroup$
– Michael Rozenberg
1 hour ago












$begingroup$
Note: A trigonometric solution is offered in this question.
$endgroup$
– Blue
1 hour ago




$begingroup$
Note: A trigonometric solution is offered in this question.
$endgroup$
– Blue
1 hour ago












$begingroup$
math.stackexchange.com/a/3126628/480425. Here I propose a couple of nice solutions using simple Euclidean geometry.
$endgroup$
– Matteo
1 hour ago






$begingroup$
math.stackexchange.com/a/3126628/480425. Here I propose a couple of nice solutions using simple Euclidean geometry.
$endgroup$
– Matteo
1 hour ago














$begingroup$
Possible duplicate of In $triangle ABC$ with $AB=AC$ and $angle BAC=20^circ$, $D$ is on $AC$, with $BC=AD$. Find $angle DBC$. Where's my error?
$endgroup$
– Aretino
1 hour ago




$begingroup$
Possible duplicate of In $triangle ABC$ with $AB=AC$ and $angle BAC=20^circ$, $D$ is on $AC$, with $BC=AD$. Find $angle DBC$. Where's my error?
$endgroup$
– Aretino
1 hour ago










4 Answers
4






active

oldest

votes


















4












$begingroup$

Construct an equilateral triangle which it's sides are equal to the base of the main triangle.
enter image description here






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    Well, both your's solution are beatifull and I can not upvote both if you write them in the same answer.
    $endgroup$
    – greedoid
    1 hour ago












  • $begingroup$
    @greedoid, you mean I have to post them as two different answers? I am not really familiar with the voting rules.
    $endgroup$
    – Seyed
    1 hour ago












  • $begingroup$
    Yes, that is correct if you want another upvote.
    $endgroup$
    – greedoid
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @greedoid, Thanks for your advise.
    $endgroup$
    – Seyed
    1 hour ago



















2












$begingroup$

Let in $Delta ABC$ we have $AB=AC$, $measuredangle A=20^{circ}$ and $measuredangle ADC=x$ as on your picture.



Let $Min AB$ such that $AD=MD$ and $Kin DC$ such that $MK=AD$.



Also, let $B'in MB$ such that $MB'=AD$ and $C'in KC$ such that $B'C'||BC.$



Thus, $$measuredangle MKA=measuredangle MDK=2cdot20^{circ}=40^{circ}$$ and from here
$$measuredangle B'MK=40^{circ}+20^{circ}=60^{circ},$$ which says $$B'K=MB'=AD=BC.$$
But $$measuredangle B'KC'=60^{circ}+20^{circ}=80^{circ}=measuredangle BCA=measuredangle B'C'A.$$



Thus, $$B'C'=B'K=AD=BC,$$ which says that
$$Bequiv B'$$ and $$Cequiv C'.$$
Id est,
$$measuredangle BDC=10^{circ}+20^{circ}=30^{circ}.$$






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    Nice as always +1
    $endgroup$
    – greedoid
    1 hour ago





















2












$begingroup$

enter image description here



construct triangle BCE congruent to ADB.



so AB = BE, angle ABE = 80° - 20° = 60°



Thus triangle ABE is equilateral.



AB = AE = AC, since angle CAE = 60° - 20° =40°



angle AEC = (180° - 40° )/2 = 70°



so x = 20° + angle ABD = 20° + angle CBE = 20° + (70° - 60° ) = 30°






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    Very nice +1......
    $endgroup$
    – greedoid
    1 hour ago



















2












$begingroup$

And my second solution is as follow:
enter image description here






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













    Your Answer





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    4 Answers
    4






    active

    oldest

    votes








    4 Answers
    4






    active

    oldest

    votes









    active

    oldest

    votes






    active

    oldest

    votes









    4












    $begingroup$

    Construct an equilateral triangle which it's sides are equal to the base of the main triangle.
    enter image description here






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$













    • $begingroup$
      Well, both your's solution are beatifull and I can not upvote both if you write them in the same answer.
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago












    • $begingroup$
      @greedoid, you mean I have to post them as two different answers? I am not really familiar with the voting rules.
      $endgroup$
      – Seyed
      1 hour ago












    • $begingroup$
      Yes, that is correct if you want another upvote.
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago






    • 1




      $begingroup$
      @greedoid, Thanks for your advise.
      $endgroup$
      – Seyed
      1 hour ago
















    4












    $begingroup$

    Construct an equilateral triangle which it's sides are equal to the base of the main triangle.
    enter image description here






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$













    • $begingroup$
      Well, both your's solution are beatifull and I can not upvote both if you write them in the same answer.
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago












    • $begingroup$
      @greedoid, you mean I have to post them as two different answers? I am not really familiar with the voting rules.
      $endgroup$
      – Seyed
      1 hour ago












    • $begingroup$
      Yes, that is correct if you want another upvote.
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago






    • 1




      $begingroup$
      @greedoid, Thanks for your advise.
      $endgroup$
      – Seyed
      1 hour ago














    4












    4








    4





    $begingroup$

    Construct an equilateral triangle which it's sides are equal to the base of the main triangle.
    enter image description here






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$



    Construct an equilateral triangle which it's sides are equal to the base of the main triangle.
    enter image description here







    share|cite|improve this answer














    share|cite|improve this answer



    share|cite|improve this answer








    edited 1 hour ago

























    answered 1 hour ago









    SeyedSeyed

    6,92341424




    6,92341424












    • $begingroup$
      Well, both your's solution are beatifull and I can not upvote both if you write them in the same answer.
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago












    • $begingroup$
      @greedoid, you mean I have to post them as two different answers? I am not really familiar with the voting rules.
      $endgroup$
      – Seyed
      1 hour ago












    • $begingroup$
      Yes, that is correct if you want another upvote.
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago






    • 1




      $begingroup$
      @greedoid, Thanks for your advise.
      $endgroup$
      – Seyed
      1 hour ago


















    • $begingroup$
      Well, both your's solution are beatifull and I can not upvote both if you write them in the same answer.
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago












    • $begingroup$
      @greedoid, you mean I have to post them as two different answers? I am not really familiar with the voting rules.
      $endgroup$
      – Seyed
      1 hour ago












    • $begingroup$
      Yes, that is correct if you want another upvote.
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago






    • 1




      $begingroup$
      @greedoid, Thanks for your advise.
      $endgroup$
      – Seyed
      1 hour ago
















    $begingroup$
    Well, both your's solution are beatifull and I can not upvote both if you write them in the same answer.
    $endgroup$
    – greedoid
    1 hour ago






    $begingroup$
    Well, both your's solution are beatifull and I can not upvote both if you write them in the same answer.
    $endgroup$
    – greedoid
    1 hour ago














    $begingroup$
    @greedoid, you mean I have to post them as two different answers? I am not really familiar with the voting rules.
    $endgroup$
    – Seyed
    1 hour ago






    $begingroup$
    @greedoid, you mean I have to post them as two different answers? I am not really familiar with the voting rules.
    $endgroup$
    – Seyed
    1 hour ago














    $begingroup$
    Yes, that is correct if you want another upvote.
    $endgroup$
    – greedoid
    1 hour ago




    $begingroup$
    Yes, that is correct if you want another upvote.
    $endgroup$
    – greedoid
    1 hour ago




    1




    1




    $begingroup$
    @greedoid, Thanks for your advise.
    $endgroup$
    – Seyed
    1 hour ago




    $begingroup$
    @greedoid, Thanks for your advise.
    $endgroup$
    – Seyed
    1 hour ago











    2












    $begingroup$

    Let in $Delta ABC$ we have $AB=AC$, $measuredangle A=20^{circ}$ and $measuredangle ADC=x$ as on your picture.



    Let $Min AB$ such that $AD=MD$ and $Kin DC$ such that $MK=AD$.



    Also, let $B'in MB$ such that $MB'=AD$ and $C'in KC$ such that $B'C'||BC.$



    Thus, $$measuredangle MKA=measuredangle MDK=2cdot20^{circ}=40^{circ}$$ and from here
    $$measuredangle B'MK=40^{circ}+20^{circ}=60^{circ},$$ which says $$B'K=MB'=AD=BC.$$
    But $$measuredangle B'KC'=60^{circ}+20^{circ}=80^{circ}=measuredangle BCA=measuredangle B'C'A.$$



    Thus, $$B'C'=B'K=AD=BC,$$ which says that
    $$Bequiv B'$$ and $$Cequiv C'.$$
    Id est,
    $$measuredangle BDC=10^{circ}+20^{circ}=30^{circ}.$$






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$













    • $begingroup$
      Nice as always +1
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago


















    2












    $begingroup$

    Let in $Delta ABC$ we have $AB=AC$, $measuredangle A=20^{circ}$ and $measuredangle ADC=x$ as on your picture.



    Let $Min AB$ such that $AD=MD$ and $Kin DC$ such that $MK=AD$.



    Also, let $B'in MB$ such that $MB'=AD$ and $C'in KC$ such that $B'C'||BC.$



    Thus, $$measuredangle MKA=measuredangle MDK=2cdot20^{circ}=40^{circ}$$ and from here
    $$measuredangle B'MK=40^{circ}+20^{circ}=60^{circ},$$ which says $$B'K=MB'=AD=BC.$$
    But $$measuredangle B'KC'=60^{circ}+20^{circ}=80^{circ}=measuredangle BCA=measuredangle B'C'A.$$



    Thus, $$B'C'=B'K=AD=BC,$$ which says that
    $$Bequiv B'$$ and $$Cequiv C'.$$
    Id est,
    $$measuredangle BDC=10^{circ}+20^{circ}=30^{circ}.$$






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$













    • $begingroup$
      Nice as always +1
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago
















    2












    2








    2





    $begingroup$

    Let in $Delta ABC$ we have $AB=AC$, $measuredangle A=20^{circ}$ and $measuredangle ADC=x$ as on your picture.



    Let $Min AB$ such that $AD=MD$ and $Kin DC$ such that $MK=AD$.



    Also, let $B'in MB$ such that $MB'=AD$ and $C'in KC$ such that $B'C'||BC.$



    Thus, $$measuredangle MKA=measuredangle MDK=2cdot20^{circ}=40^{circ}$$ and from here
    $$measuredangle B'MK=40^{circ}+20^{circ}=60^{circ},$$ which says $$B'K=MB'=AD=BC.$$
    But $$measuredangle B'KC'=60^{circ}+20^{circ}=80^{circ}=measuredangle BCA=measuredangle B'C'A.$$



    Thus, $$B'C'=B'K=AD=BC,$$ which says that
    $$Bequiv B'$$ and $$Cequiv C'.$$
    Id est,
    $$measuredangle BDC=10^{circ}+20^{circ}=30^{circ}.$$






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$



    Let in $Delta ABC$ we have $AB=AC$, $measuredangle A=20^{circ}$ and $measuredangle ADC=x$ as on your picture.



    Let $Min AB$ such that $AD=MD$ and $Kin DC$ such that $MK=AD$.



    Also, let $B'in MB$ such that $MB'=AD$ and $C'in KC$ such that $B'C'||BC.$



    Thus, $$measuredangle MKA=measuredangle MDK=2cdot20^{circ}=40^{circ}$$ and from here
    $$measuredangle B'MK=40^{circ}+20^{circ}=60^{circ},$$ which says $$B'K=MB'=AD=BC.$$
    But $$measuredangle B'KC'=60^{circ}+20^{circ}=80^{circ}=measuredangle BCA=measuredangle B'C'A.$$



    Thus, $$B'C'=B'K=AD=BC,$$ which says that
    $$Bequiv B'$$ and $$Cequiv C'.$$
    Id est,
    $$measuredangle BDC=10^{circ}+20^{circ}=30^{circ}.$$







    share|cite|improve this answer














    share|cite|improve this answer



    share|cite|improve this answer








    edited 1 hour ago

























    answered 1 hour ago









    Michael RozenbergMichael Rozenberg

    106k1893198




    106k1893198












    • $begingroup$
      Nice as always +1
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago




















    • $begingroup$
      Nice as always +1
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago


















    $begingroup$
    Nice as always +1
    $endgroup$
    – greedoid
    1 hour ago






    $begingroup$
    Nice as always +1
    $endgroup$
    – greedoid
    1 hour ago













    2












    $begingroup$

    enter image description here



    construct triangle BCE congruent to ADB.



    so AB = BE, angle ABE = 80° - 20° = 60°



    Thus triangle ABE is equilateral.



    AB = AE = AC, since angle CAE = 60° - 20° =40°



    angle AEC = (180° - 40° )/2 = 70°



    so x = 20° + angle ABD = 20° + angle CBE = 20° + (70° - 60° ) = 30°






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$













    • $begingroup$
      Very nice +1......
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago
















    2












    $begingroup$

    enter image description here



    construct triangle BCE congruent to ADB.



    so AB = BE, angle ABE = 80° - 20° = 60°



    Thus triangle ABE is equilateral.



    AB = AE = AC, since angle CAE = 60° - 20° =40°



    angle AEC = (180° - 40° )/2 = 70°



    so x = 20° + angle ABD = 20° + angle CBE = 20° + (70° - 60° ) = 30°






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$













    • $begingroup$
      Very nice +1......
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago














    2












    2








    2





    $begingroup$

    enter image description here



    construct triangle BCE congruent to ADB.



    so AB = BE, angle ABE = 80° - 20° = 60°



    Thus triangle ABE is equilateral.



    AB = AE = AC, since angle CAE = 60° - 20° =40°



    angle AEC = (180° - 40° )/2 = 70°



    so x = 20° + angle ABD = 20° + angle CBE = 20° + (70° - 60° ) = 30°






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$



    enter image description here



    construct triangle BCE congruent to ADB.



    so AB = BE, angle ABE = 80° - 20° = 60°



    Thus triangle ABE is equilateral.



    AB = AE = AC, since angle CAE = 60° - 20° =40°



    angle AEC = (180° - 40° )/2 = 70°



    so x = 20° + angle ABD = 20° + angle CBE = 20° + (70° - 60° ) = 30°







    share|cite|improve this answer












    share|cite|improve this answer



    share|cite|improve this answer










    answered 1 hour ago









    qsmyqsmy

    19018




    19018












    • $begingroup$
      Very nice +1......
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago


















    • $begingroup$
      Very nice +1......
      $endgroup$
      – greedoid
      1 hour ago
















    $begingroup$
    Very nice +1......
    $endgroup$
    – greedoid
    1 hour ago




    $begingroup$
    Very nice +1......
    $endgroup$
    – greedoid
    1 hour ago











    2












    $begingroup$

    And my second solution is as follow:
    enter image description here






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$


















      2












      $begingroup$

      And my second solution is as follow:
      enter image description here






      share|cite|improve this answer









      $endgroup$
















        2












        2








        2





        $begingroup$

        And my second solution is as follow:
        enter image description here






        share|cite|improve this answer









        $endgroup$



        And my second solution is as follow:
        enter image description here







        share|cite|improve this answer












        share|cite|improve this answer



        share|cite|improve this answer










        answered 1 hour ago









        SeyedSeyed

        6,92341424




        6,92341424






















            Andriy Khrystyanovich is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.










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            Andriy Khrystyanovich is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.













            Andriy Khrystyanovich is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.












            Andriy Khrystyanovich is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
















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